When it comes to critical disease, the best time to start PN is uncertain. If the patient cannot tolerate EN, ESPEN recommends introducing PN after 3–7 days. Early PN, on the other hand, has not been shown to affect mortality or other critical care outcomes. Before implementing additional PN, ESPEN suggests exhausting all EN options on a case-by-case basis. No nutritional therapy for 14 days after Critical Care admission is related with higher mortality and a longer hospital stay as compared to PN.
There are two common ICU structures: closed and open. In a closed unit, the intensivist takes on the primary role for all patients in the unit. In an open ICU, the primary physician, who may or may not be an intensivist, can vary for each patient. There is growing evidence that closed units provide better patient outcomes. In the U.S., open units are the most prevalent structure, but closed units are common at large academic centres. There are also intermediate structures that lie between open and closed units.
Temperature
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
IABP
VAD
Extensive use of pharmaceuticals
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Related Associations and Societies: International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care (IATSIC), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), American Trauma Society (ATS), Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), Canadian Critical Care Society (CCCS), German Society for Trauma Surgery (GSTS), Pan American Trauma Society (PTS)